Nor can there be the sincerity and gravity in presenting the offerings to spiritual beings on occasions of supplication, thanksgiving, and the various sacrifices. Nor can majesty and dignity be shown in assigning the different places at court, in the government of the armies, and in discharging the duties of office so as to secure the operation of the laws Nor can students for office and learners, in serving their masters, have an attachment for them Nor can ruler and minister, high and low, father and son, elder brother and younger, be determined Nor can the clearing up of quarrels and discriminating in disputes be accomplished Nor are training and oral lessons for the rectification of manners complete The course, virtue, benevolence, and righteousness cannot be fully carried out without the rules of propriety They are the rules of propriety, that furnish the means of determining relatives, as near and remote of settling points which may cause suspicion or doubt of distinguishing where there should be agreement, and where difference and of making clear what is right and what is wrong. The political and social meaning of rites and propriety This system of rules was according to legend defined by the Duke of Zhou 周公旦, but based on the putative principles of Heaven which required that rule may be exerted by means of "respecting virtue" ( jing de 敬德) and in order to "preserve the people" ( bao min 保民).
#ALL DA BEI ZHOU IMAGES PROFESSIONAL#
Commoners lived as farmers on the royal domain or the domains of the regional rulers and their functionaries, or as craftsmen in the residences.Īll members of the nobility were bound to certain rules of etiquette or ritual ( lizhi 禮制) that pertained to all aspects of life, from professional service to marriage and military order. This is an ideal picture, as there were also local functionaries not relative to the royal house or only related to the royal house by marriage. Members of the sidelines of the branch lines usually served as " ministers" ( qing 卿) or grand masters ( dafu 大夫) in the regional states. While the kings of Zhou and their heirs, usually the oldest sons of the primary consorts, constituted the main royal line ( dazong 大宗), the branch lineages ( xiaozong 小宗) were governing the regional states. The nobility of the Zhou empire 周 (11th cent.-221 BCE) was structured according to the rules of the ancestral lineages ( zongfa 宗法) of the royal house of the Zhou.
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